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Science and Technology in the Philippines: Prsent Condition and Future Options

Narrative/ Reflection

The reporters presented their report about this topic in a concise manner wherein important views and topics were highlighted in the discussion.

As what I learned , the Philippines still belongs to the third world country or the undeveloped country it is based on the underdevelopment theory. Major factors that affect the low level development of Science and Technology in our country is the lackluster performance of low Research and Development System and the lack of funding system by the government. We might thinking that by having those technological tools, we have now, we can easily consider our country as advanced in terms of technology ,but the truth is, we are still striving to become known in the field of Science. We cannot deny the fact that we are still dependent on the technology of the other countries and supporting there tools makes them more developed country. If our government has enough funding system in supporting our own technological invention and provide plans for the successive process of Research and Development we might have greater ideas for improving our Science and Technology here in our country. We have many option but we don't have actions for making it possible.

Therefore,  Science is a body of knowledge and ideas and technology is just  product of it. Science and Technology had been changed our society through ages. We can see visibly the hierarchical process of the development in science through the products, machines and tools from the past 'til the present. As a simple advice, use Science and Technology as a beneficial tool and not as a destructive tool that will affect our moral values and will degrade our environment.

Questions:

• As a student, what are the benefits of science and technology in your life? 
• As a student, what are your actions for the  improvement of Science and Technology in our country?

Thank you and God Bless.

Science and Technology in the Philippines: Prsent Condition and Future Options

Topics: Philippine Technological Dependence and Backwardness, History of Science and Technology in the Philippines, Development in science and Technology

Preview:

History of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Precolonial Science and Technology

There is a very little reliable written information about Philippine society, culture and technology before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1521. (8) As such, one has to reconstruct a picture of this past using contemporary archaeological findings, accounts by early traders and foreign travelers, and the narratives about conditions in the archipelago which were written by the first Spanish missionaries and colonial officials.

According to these sources, there were numerous, scattered, thriving, relatively self-sufficient and autonomous communities long before the Spaniards arrived. The early Filipinos had attained a generally simple level of technological development, compared with those of the Chinese and Japanese, but this was sufficient for their needs at that period of time.

With the advent of minicomputers in the early 80’s and LCD projector in
the 90’s, these two objects have permeated practically all aspects of human
activities and life has never been the same again. The best way for us to
anticipate the future is to understand the present. As we all know, quality
education is the only means for upward mobility of the underprivileged groups, an
excellent means for retraining the work force and a key for developing
scientifically and technologically literate citizenry. To cope with the rapid and
complex changes in technology, this paper undertook an in-depth description and
long-term exploration on how academic curriculum programs in science
education were modified and transformed as a result of these changes.

Technological Leapfrogging as a Strategic Option for the Philippines 

These weaknesses refer to our country’s scientific and technological backwardness, dependence on foreign technologies and capital, and its subordination to foreign dominance, exploitation and control. Locked in the international division of labor, the Philippines has played the role of the exporter of primary commodities and importer of production technologies. Accordingly, based on the nation’s economic history, it is the acceptance of the international division of labor that has perpetuated and worsened the underdevelopment of our economy. Assessing our cycle of backwardness and dependence, the nature of science and technology, technological innovations and technological potentials as nuanced in the Philippine context, the paper maps our country’s stages of technological capabilities. Despite achievements in agriculture, industry and health during the past few years, the problem remains that we do not yet have genuine endogenous industries in chemicals, metals, pharmaceuticals, automotives and electronics. The Philippines, once at par with other countries in Southeast Asia and East Asia in scientific and technological development, is now lagging behind most of its neighbors. The inadequate government support and the lack of an effective economic demand for local innovations are seen as reasons for the slow development. The national strategy the paper proposes is technological leapfrogging. As a strategy, it attempts to liberate the country from dependence and backwardness by importing selected high technologies in order to acquire adaptive, replicative, and innovative mastery of these advanced technologies. More importantly, the paper argues that it is this strategy, geared towards national technological mastery, which provides a long-range vision for designing, building and insuring of the nation’s future in the 21st century.

The Present state of STS in the Philippines:

• Shortage of research funds
• Lack of coordination of RND systems in this country
• Lack of science consciousness   
• Sources: 

Leapfrogging the Scientific and Technological Gap: An Alternative National Strategy for Mastering the Future

by:Roger Posadas

 

A HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES*

by

Olivia C. Caoili*

 

The National Science and Technology Systems and Strategies of Aseas Countries

Topics: Singapore's Technology Strategy, Building a Workable Infrastructure in Malaysia, Technology Upgrading in Thailand , and System in Indonesia

Preview:

Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly abbreviated ASEAN, is a geo-political and economic organization of ten countries located in Southeast Asia.

ASEAN member countries see the promotion of green industry in the region as necessary for creating a sustainable economic community and increasing competitiveness in the future.

Singapore's  Technological Strategy:

• Innovation System- focuses on entrepreneurship and integrate it to technology
• Innovation Growth Strategy- Development in infrastructure and the capabilities of government institutions in facing industrialization issues
• Green Buildings-another term is Zero Energy Building, it is a plan for building using solar panels, as a source of energy, that will provide the electricity for every buildings.

Technological Strategy of Thailand :

• Creation of Awareness of Science and Technology- It was supported by their government to let their constituents know the issues regarding science and technology so that they can contribute better solutions regarding the issue
• Research and Development System- Thai government focused on RND system to become more productive country
• Scholarship Grants- Thai government select 1, 200 person to avail the scholarship to study in the other industrialized countries so that they can gain ideas from other countries regarding industrialization development

Indonesia

As many other developing countries, Indonesia is not considered as world's leading parties in science and technology developments. However, throughout its history, there have been notable achievements and contributions made by Indonesian for science and technology. Currently, the republic's Ministry of Research and Technology is the official body in charge of science and technology development in the nation. In 2010, the Indonesian government has allocated Rp 1.9 trillion (approximately US$205 million) or less than 1 percent of the total state expenditure for research and development

Malaysia

Malaysia is an emerging Asian economy aspiring to move towards
a technology-driven and high-tech production-based pattern of development and thus
replicate the experience of the newly industrializing economies (NIEs) of Asia. In
fact, Malaysia has been categorized in the group of countries that have the potential
to create new technologies on their own (Mani, 2000). The prospects remain promising
despite the 1997 Asian financial crisis, although no country in the region was spared.In view of that,
Malaysia has a strong basis to consider formulating its own technological development
strategy based on those in the NIEs with appropriate adaptations to accommodate the
economy’s uniqueness.

Narrative/ Things I learned:

These topics were reported clearly by the reporter because the ideas we learned from this might be beneficial and serve as guidelines in the improvement of Science and Technology in our country.

There are plans for ASEAN nations, "ASEAN countries are currently enhancing their cooperation toward the establishment of the AEC in 2015. 

To remain competitive over the long run, ASEAN countries should expand green industry in their production processes, "Pushpanathan said. If this plan would be exhibited well , there will be a great change in our country ,as a part of ASEAN nation. Most ASEAN nations are considered as "tiger countries" because of the vast industrialixzation they had been through and our country is still left behind by this improvement.

Source/s:

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ASEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA AND THE NEWLY
INDUSTRIALIZING ECONOMIES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Mun-Chow Lai* and Su-Fei Yap**

Ethical Aspects of Science and Technology

Topics: Ethics and Science, Science,Technology and Ethics, Introduction to Engineering Ethics and On Becoming a Responsible Engineer

Preview:

Science is a discipline of knowledge which involves many aspects of human thought and endeavour. Ethics is concerned with human character and conduct.  

CAN SCIENCE EVER BE SEPARATED FROM THE QUESTION OF ETHICS? Science is a branch of study concerned with facts, principles, and methods. However, ethics is the moral science that governs what we do with it. It is the branch of philosophy that studies the principles of right and wrong in human conduct. The question of their individuality has been in existence for quite some time. I would argue that in theory they can exist separately but in practice they cannot. In Aristotle's structure of the soul, one can see that science takes precedence over ethics.

Engineering Ethics is the field of applied ethics which examines and sets standards for engineers' obligations to the public, their clients, employers and the profession. This article addresses the subject for both professional engineers and other engineers.

Engineering does not have a single uniform system, or standard, of ethical conduct across the entire profession. Ethical approaches vary somewhat by discipline and jurisdiction, but are most influenced by whether the engineers are independently providing professional services to clients, or the public if employed in government service; or if they are employees of an enterprise creating products for sale.

 Responsible Engineer

Ways to Remeber:

1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their professional duties.
2. Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their competence.
3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.

Narrative/ Things I learned:

The reporter reported it in a concise manner and she highlighted only those important topic of her report.

Science cannot be separated from ethics especially where the issues of genetic manipulation are considered.  Science is a collection of the results of a search for facts about our physical reality. Ethics is an arbitrary set of rules for behaving in a way that is acceptable to the culture setting forth those rules. If science pursues knowledge, maybe we should first discuss the morality of knowing things.

In the field of engineering, there is a specific ethics to be followed  in order to become a responsible engineer. It should be followed to become a productive engineer in the society.

Source/s:

Copyright 1988, Harlan B. Miller. Commercial use prohibited. This paper has appeared in Etica & animali I/2 (1988) in Italian translation, and in Between the Species 10/1 (1994)in English.

Impacts of Science and Technology on War

Topics: Science, Technology and Military Policy, First Wave, Second Wave War and Third Wave War and Futuristic Wars

Preview:

 Progression in weapons also has an extensive effect on the environment. New technology means more invention and more utilization. 

Military policy

The outbreak of World War II was in many ways an unprecedented crisis for Socialist organizations. Democratic Socialists had traditionally been anti-war to the point of pacifism, while revolutionary Socialists had opposed wars waged by openly capitalistic regimes on the basis that the only violence worth pursuing was rooted in the class struggle, not between opposing groups of capitalists.

Each wave, or civilization phase, develops its own "super- ideology," or Zeitgeist, with which it explains reality and justifies its own existence. This ideology impacts all the spheres which make up a civilization phase: 

• The first wave of transformation

began when some prescient person
about 10,000 years ago, probably a
woman, planted and nurtured a seed.
The age of agriculture began; its
significance was that people moved
from nomadic wandering and
hunting and began to cluster into
villages and develop culture.

• The second wave was an expression

of machine muscle. The Industrial
Revolution began in the 1700s and
gathered steam after America’s Civil
War. People began to leave the
peasant culture of farming to come
to work in city factories. It
culminated in the Second World
War, a clash of smokestack
juggernauts, and the explosion of the
atomic bombs over Japan.

•  Third wave, based not on

muscle but on mind. It is what we
variously call the information or
knowledge age, and while it is
powerfully driven by information
technology, it has co-drivers as well,
among them social demands
worldwide for greater freedom and
individuation.

Narrative/ Things I learned

Upgrading technology will expand the manufacture of weapons, and atomic bombs when these weapons will be confirmed and used; then the environment will get poisoned.With the improvement of technology there is also improvement in the field of war through the designed atomic bombs and weapons that can destroy a certain area. I am not impressed with the advancement of it because it means one thing, Earth maybe destroyed by a highly technological bombs that is a product of science.

Source/s:

Toffler’s
Waves
Why Alvin Toffler’s
Third Wave Matters
by Michael Finley

Impacts of Science and Technology on the Arts

Topics: Impacts of Science and Technology on Aesthetics, Computer and Arts, Computer Music and Computers and Literary Arts

Preview:

Aesthetics is a set of principles about art appreciation or it is the art of beauty. When we say Art, it is a modality of know how with specified skills used in every activities. It is composed of forms and symbols.

Development in Arts has been classified into two symbolic elements which are the purely internal and external factor.Arts was developed by the simple materials to a complex materials used by the artists nowadays.

After World War II, progression of computer programs arouse. Such as:

• Computer Animation- compile series of images and importing pictures
• 3-D effect images on every programs

Literary Arts

There were many impacts and consequences of the World War I and these were widespread, having an effect on a large amount of people. A major social change was that women started working from their homes and their thinking to making a living and earning changed. The affects of the war can be seen in the writings and works of many writers and artists of those times. Many new kind of inventions were made during that period which mainly comprised of the improvement in fighting equipment and methods.

Different ages in the field of literary Arts:

• Age of Literary Classics(18th century)- literary composition
• Age of Literary Study (19th century)- writings and supplied information from computers
• Age of Computer(21st century)- programs such as microsoft

Computer Music

The field of music is a huge part of the entertainment industry and employs many different types of performers, technicians and support staff. While popular singers and band members have some of the most visible music careers, there are many ways to work behind the scenes. All of these jobs are necessary in order for music to be made and reach its intended audience.

Narrative/ Things I learned

ALTHOUGH computers are now so entrenched in our daily existence that life is nearly unthinkable without them, they have yet to play a major role in the arts. In the field of Arts, the use of computers were being highlighted because of the programs and database it can provide to make things easier. Nowadays, we can surf novel and other literary works in the net, we can even download musics with the use of computer and we can make researches and online journals for our school works. The use of computers is really visible now in our society.

Sources:

By Dennis Hartman, eHow Contributon " Computer as Art"

Impacts of Science and Technology on the Environment

Topics: Environmental Penalties of High Technology, Sustainability and Social Change, Industrialization and Environment and Environment friendly Technologies

Preview:

Changing technologies, however, can have negative consequences for certain sectors or constituencies. Examples of negative aspects include pollution (including environmental, noise, and light pollution) associated with production processes, increased unemployment from labor-saving new technologies, and so forth. This suggests that society must consider the relative costs and benefits of new technologies.

 The negative effects of technology are numerous. In our march to progress we have degraded the natural world. Forests are chopped down, topsoil is washed away, rivers are polluted and our waste is dumped in the oceans.

Environmental Penalties:

• Pollution (noise,air,water)- wstes of technologies
• Conversion of forest land to urban areas
• Pollute human psychologically and emotionally-- the usage and addiction of new gadgets
• Fatal Births and Diseases--Health effects of overused technologies 

 "It is the great multiplication of the productions of all the different arts, in consequence of the division of labour, which occasions, in a well-governed society, that universal opulence which extends itself to the lowest ranks of the people."

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations

Eco-Friendly Technologies

These are sustainable technologies. It It utilizes resources from the environment without causing negative effects on it.  Some of  These are:

• Solar Energy--used of solar panels to provide electricity
• Geothermal enrgy
• Wind power --wind mills as source of energy

Narrative/ Things I Learned

The reporters presented the topic well with the use of pictures regarding the effects of technologies in our environment.

I learned that, Initially, we will argue the effect of technologies on the environment. Better equipment means that there would be more industrial development. No doubt automation is valuable for the economy, and as well as for the people existing in the country. 

Destruction of the natural environment has been taking place since the birth of civilization yet it is only now that we are seeing it on a global scale. We are holding the technology so it is up to us to use it for good and not for the destruction of the planet.

 Source/s:

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/3203208

The Negative Effects of Technology on the Planet - Our Cultural Vision is Driving the Destruction

By Thomas Ryaner

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/3203208

 

The Business Aspects of science and Technology

Topics: Business Architecture for Technology Management, Technology to Competitive Advantage, Profiting from Innovation, and Technological Learning in Latecomer Firms

Preview:

In practical terms, the Business Architecture is also often necessary as a means of demonstrating the business value of subsequent Technical Architecture work to key stakeholders, and the return on investment to those stakeholders from supporting and participating in the subsequent work.

Business architects should also determine the scope of the business.

In the context of a business, technology has a wide range of potential effects on management:

• Reduced costs of operations.
• New product and new market creation. 
• Reorganized administrative operations.

Competitive Advantage:

Since technology is such a vital force, the field of technology management has emerged to address the particular ways in which companies should approach the use of technology in business strategies and operations. Technology is inherently difficult to manage because it is constantly changing, often in ways that cannot be predicted. Technology management is the set of policies and practices that leverage technologies to build, maintain, and enhance the competitive advantage of the firm on the basis of proprietary knowledge and know-how. 

 Profiting Innovation:

The final stage of the innovation process involves making it accessible to most users through market penetration. The benefits of an innovation, both to inventors and to society, are maximized only when the innovation is efficiently diffused. Some innovations are easy to adopt while others involve effort on the part of adopters.

 Latecomer Firms:

The success of latecomer firms from the emerging economies challenges
the conventional wisdom on entry timing and resource-based competence. Building
on research on institutions in emerging economies and the resource-based
perspective in strategic management, we propose a model to explain how resource
poor latecomer firms in emerging economies catch up with the multinational
incumbents. We classify latecomers based on their strategic learning intent as either
emulators or blind imitators. The strategic learning intent depends on a firm’s
complementary assets and its absorptive capacity. Firms that choose emulation
develop flexible routines, while firms that choose blind imitation end up with rigid
routines.

Narrative / Things I learned

The reporters presented the topics with their mind games activities. From their activity, our group won the first place of it.

From these topics I learned,The nature of business is fast evolving.  Many traditional businesses have evolved from a local place to global proportions. These complex business evolution need to be tracked so appropriate changes in the business architecture can also be taken care by the information systems architects. These business enthusiast must have enough capabilities to plan and run the business with the new approach the society can offer.

 

Source/s:

http://www.learn.geekinterview.com/data-warehouse/business-intelligence/business-architecture.html

 Knowledge management and innovation strategy:
The challenge for latecomers in emerging economies
Jiatao Li & Rajiv Krishnan Kozhikode

The Economic Aspects of Science and Technology

Topics: The Economics of R and D and Technological Change, Classical Theories Of Economic Growth, Views of Technological Changes and Analyses of Growth and Development

Preview:

The effect of long-range historical

forces on science is difficult to

identify and describe in detail

Marxian framework attempts to

insert science and technology as

variables within its categories :

Socio-economic base

Superstructure

Marxian Framework

Socio-economic base

Constitute the forces of production of a

given society

Superstructure

Comprises the social relations, as well

as political and cultural manifestations.

 THEORIES:

A number of theories of technological change have been proposed by economists. Some of these theories have evolved over time by refinements of earlier theories, while others have benefited from new revelations. Adam Smith (1723-1790) recognized the role of changing technologies. According to him, improvements in production technology would emerge as a by-product of the division of labor, including the emergence of a profession of schedulers or organizers akin to modern-day engineers. A specialized worker doing the same job repetitively would tend to look for ways to save time and effort. In Smith’s world, productivity could also increase indirectly via capital accumulation.

Karl Marx’s (1818-1883) notion of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall stems from a recognition of technological change (process innovation) leading to more efficient production, and the replacement of labor with capital or machinery. Labor-saving innovation or mechanization occurs when Marx’s capitalists are unable to further lengthen the working day and therefore are unable to extract further surplus value in absolute form from labor.

Production Functions, Productivity Growth, and Biased Technological Change
The measurement of the rate and direction of technological change rests fundamentally
on the concept of the transformation function. 

Economic growth requires
structural change
Productivity growth in developed countries mainly relies on technological innovation. For developing
countries, however, growth and development are much less about pushing the technology
frontier and much more about changing the structure of production towards activities with
higher levels of productivity. Th is kind of structural change can be achieved largely by adopting
and adapting existing technologies, substituting imports and entering into world markets for
manufacturing goods and services, and through rapid accumulation of physical and human
capital. A few developing countries have been able to undertake original research and development
in some fields, but technological innovation continues to be highly concentrated in the
industrialized world.

Narrative/ Things I learned

These topics also was assigned to our group, our group decide to have power point presentation. From the discussion headed by group mate, I learned the major impact of technology in economy. The major impact are:

• As the focus becomes less global,

the social and political influences on

science become more obvious 

• The scientific community is buffeted by

the social, political, & economic

  considerations of the society in which it

is embedded.

The pace of technological change can vary across industries, firms, and countries, depending upon the resources devoted to research and the nature of products or processes pursued.

Source:

"Resources for the Future" by:  Jaffe, Newell, and Stavins